Turkish Industry Opening to the World

Throughout the years Turkey implemented five-year development plans, the first one beginning in 1963, “high growth rates” and “structural changes for industrialization” were the basic targets. The industrialization strategies and economic policies Turkey adopted before and after 1980, exhibit a marked difference. The Economic Stability Program of January 24, 1980and the subsequent policies are profoundly different in terms of the economic and industrial policies adopted in previous stability programs which were put into effect every 8-10 years. As a matter of fact, radical changes had been made in the monetary, fiscal, textile child clothing, foreign trade and foreign currency exchange rate policies, and there was a shift from “industrialization based on substitution of imports directed to domestic markets” to “industrialization based on exports directed to foreign markets”.

Especially in the second half of the 1980s, the governments introduced the “build-operate-transfer” model in order to accelerate infrastructure investments in the industrial sector and to obtain the necessary financing on better terms. After necessary preconditions were prepared, the Capital Market Board was established by a law in 1981 with the objective of channeling small savings to industry through capital markets. Also in line with these measures, banking services were modernized and the necessary regulations were introduced to accelerate international transactions. Special importance was attached to the improvement of transportation and communications services which are indispensable for any industrialization policy.
A significant portion of the incentive measures supported those industrial activities providing foreign currency earnings and the new regulations of 1980 aimed to increase exports. These measures and regulations helped industry to gain competitive power and exports increased rapidly. The free trade zones and international fairs in Turkey have also been very effective in the development of Turkish industry and its integration with world markets. As a result of all these efforts exerted to develop the industrial sector, the share of industrial products and child clothing manufacturer in Turkey’s total exports increased from 36% in 1980 to 94.3% in 2002.
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The main reason for the growth of the industrial sector is the investments and dynamism of the private sector. In recent years, parallel to the activities to improve the existing industrial structure, privatization efforts have been accelerated. The investments of the public sector in industrial production have, on the other hand, decreased significantly.
Efforts to increase the share of small and medium-size enterprises in the economy and to strengthen their international competitiveness have been given priority. With the objective of overcoming the problems of small and medium-size enterprises regarding financing, quality and standards, these enterprises have been provided with benefits such as credits, tax exemptions, investment discounts and VAT support. Furthermore, research and development projects, promotional activities as well as efforts to increase exports have been enjoying state aid, too.

The establishment of organized industrial regions and small industry sites across the country is gradually receiving  more support. As a matter of fact, the total number of businesses on 362 small industry sites in various regions of Turkey totaled 83,318 as of the end of 2002. Furthermore, a total of 70 organized industrial sites began to operate on a total of 17,132 hectares of land as of the end of 2002. The 2003 Investment Program envisaged investments and feasibility studies for 68 organized industrial sites. In order to meet increasing economic demands, “Law No. 4562 for Organized Industrial Sites”, which went into effect on April 15, 2000, introduced new regulations to the implementations in organized industrial sites and “Law No. 4737 for Industrial Sites”, which went into effect on January 18, 2002 aimed, to open up the industrial sector of the country to the world and to attract foreign investments.
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It is important to note that the industrial sector was responsible for 21.5% of the gross domestic product in 2002, despite the fact that the financial crises at the end of 2000 and in February 2001 adversely affected this sector. A “Program for Achieving a Strong Economy” was put into effect in May 2001 and several measures were taken in line with this program to strengthen the industrial sector. Industrial production, which increased by 8.8% in 2000, decreased by 8.6% in 2001 because of the crises but it increased by 9.4% in 2002. The capacity utilization of the manufacturing sector, which was 75.9% in 2000, decreased to 71.1% in 2001 and increased to 75.8% in 2002. As a result of the fall in industrial production and devaluation of the Turkish Lira, exports of industrial products constituting 96.4% of total exports, also dropped to 39 billion US dollars in 2001 which corresponded to a 25.3% decrease compared to the previous year. In 2002 this figure increased by 23% to 49 billion US dollars. On the other hand, imports by the industrial sector increased by 12.1% and totaled 28.9 billion US dollars in 2001. Next year, this figure increased by 13.6% to a total of 33 billion US dollars. In 2002, 51.5% of the total exports were destined for the EU countries and 45.5% of the total imports were made from these countries.
Extensive efforts aiming at integration with world markets are continuing   at   full  speed.  Turkish  industry,  with  the
 experience and knowledge it has acquired, has reached a level to make direct or joint investments in all countries of the world. Substantial investments are made especially in the Middle Eastern and Islamic countries as well as Central Asian Republics which won their independence in 1990. The Customs Union Agreement between the European Union (EU) and Turkey, which went into effect in 1996, favorably influenced the competitive power of the Turkish industry. The Customs Union, which paved the way for the free circulation of industrial goods and processed agricultural products, also contributed to certain structural changes and consequently, harmonization with the EU’s Common Trade and Competition Policies. In addition, a variety of technical regulations were amended. The aim of these changes made in regulations was to accelerate the inflow of foreign capital and to increase the international competitive capability of the industrial and child clothing manufacture sector. The Parliament also passed a constitutional amendment in 1999 allowing for “International Arbitration” in cases of commercial disputes with foreign investors. Thus, the way was paved for foreign capital investments in projects such as energy, highways, bridges, passageways and dams, requiring large financial sources and advanced technology.
Turkey’s recognition as an official candidate for EU membership in the 1999 Helsinki Summit was another factor which brought impetus to efforts of harmonization of the technical regulations used by the industrial sector. As a result of studies carried out in the field of industrial property rights, the harmonization process regarding patents, industrial designs, trademarks and geographical signs was completed and the number of international agreements, which Turkey is a party to, reached ten. In addition, regulations for the establishment of the “Turkish Accreditation Institution”, for managing accreditation of the testing and certification institutions, were adopted and Turkey signed the European Patent Agreement. Meanwhile, studies on the harmonization of regulations concerning small and medium-size enterprises are still in progress.

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