The Main Principles of
Turkish Foreign Policy
Turkey, since its establishment as
a Republic, has consistently pursued a foreign policy aimed at international
peace based on the dictum “Peace at home, peace in the world”, expressed by
the Republic’s founding father and first president, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
The main principles of Turkish foreign policy are as follows: to
establish friendly and compatible relations primarily with her neighbors and
all countries; to participate in international cooperation activities in all
fields; to resolve issues of dispute peacefully; and to contribute to
regional and international peace, stability, security and welfare. One of
the main principles of Turkey’s foreign policy as stated in the Misak-ı
Milli (National Pact) is to respect the independence and territorial
integrity of all nations in the world.
In line with the Western ideal it has been pursuing for well over 150 years,
Turkey proceeded to establish its political and legal systems on
modern, secular European models. In 1932, Turkey joined the League of
Nations to enhance its own security through collective efforts and to
establish its place as a modern state in the international community. At the
same time, Turkey has adopted a policy of developing good relations with all
countries, and in particular, with its neighbors. In line with this policy,
Turkey played a prominent role in the establishment of the Balkan Entente of
1934 comprising Turkey, Greece, Romania and Yugoslavia, and the Sadabad Pact
comprising Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Afghanistan.
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At the end of the Second World War, Turkey became a founding member of the
United Nations (UN). Turkey accepted the Universal Charter of Human Rights
in 1949 and became a member of the Council of Europe the same year. Turkey
also acted together with the Western countries in the field of defense, and
joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1952. Turkey has
also been actively participating in all the activities of the Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) since its establishment in
1960. In 1963, Turkey became an associate member of the European Economic
Community (EEC) with an Association Agreement that aimed at eventual full
membership. Thus, Turkey has strengthened its integration with Europe and
the Western world through its membership in the major international and
regional political, economic and defense institutions.
As Turkey steadily developed its economy and consolidated its democracy in
the aftermath of the Second World War, the country’s relations with the
wider international community grew. In the 1970s, Turkey’s improving
relations with the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries made it
something of a catalyst in the international climate of “detente”.
Especially at the beginning of the 1980s, Turkey exerted considerable
efforts to further improve its relations with the Islamic countries and
after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, with the Central Asian
Republics and the other countries in the Black Sea region. With its
democratic institutions, secular system, free market economy, respect for
law, human rights and fundamental freedoms, Turkey is in a position to act
as a role model for these newly emerging countries and the Islamic
countries. In 1987, Turkey applied for full membership in the European
Community (EC), and a Customs Union between Turkey and the European Union (EU)
has been in effect since January 1, 1996.
Turkey has also promoted such regional cooperation projects as the Black
Sea Economic Cooperation and an
enlarged Economic Cooperation Organization and actively participates in the
Mediterranean cooperative projects.
In the post-Cold War period, the center of Eurasia has shifted towards
Turkey. Turkey has good neighborly relations with a number of countries
which have different regimes and concepts of the world, and is an element of
stability in one of the most unstable regions in the world.
Turkey and European Union Relations. Turkey, to further develop its
political and economic relations with Europe, applied for associate
membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) one year after the
Treaty of Rome which established the EEC (1957). The Ankara Agreement,
signed between Turkey and the EEC in 1963,
aimed at securing Turkey’s full membership. An Additional Protocol was
concluded between Turkey and the EEC in 1973, which established the
framework and conditions for the transitional stage of the association.
During the 1970s, there was a standstill in Turkey’s relations with the
Community, mainly due to economic and political reasons. After 1983,
however, progress resumed and a new momentum began
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which culminated in Turkey’s application for full membership on April 14,
1987. In 1989, the European Commission found Turkey eligible for full
membership, yet deferred the in depth analysis of Turkey’s
application until the emergence of a more favorable environment.
The Commission’s opinion was endorsed by the EC Council in 1990. On March 6,
1995, the Turkey-EU Association Council decided to conclude the Customs
Union between Turkey and the EU, effective as of January 1, 1996, and the
European Parliament subsequently gave its assent. The Customs Union went
into effect as planned. Turkey removed the customs duties on goods
subject to the Customs Union, and started to apply the EU’s Common External
Tariff for third countries.
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